Renaissance
(15th & 16th Century)
Modulated stroke, humanist axis, crisp terminals, large aperture and italic equal to and independent of roman.
(15th & 16th Century)
Modulated stroke, humanist axis, crisp terminals, large aperture and italic equal to and independent of roman.
Baroque
(17th Century)
Modulated stroke, variable axis, modeled serifs and terminals, moderate aperture, italic subsidiari to roman and closely linked with it.
(17th Century)
Modulated stroke, variable axis, modeled serifs and terminals, moderate aperture, italic subsidiari to roman and closely linked with it.
Neoclassical
(18th Century)
Modulated stroke, rationalist [vertical] axis, refined and adnate serifs, lachrymal terminals, moderate aperture, italic fully subjugated to roman.
(18th Century)
Modulated stroke, rationalist [vertical] axis, refined and adnate serifs, lachrymal terminals, moderate aperture, italic fully subjugated to roman.
Romantic
(18th & 19th Century)
Hypermodulated stroke, intensified rationalist axis, abrupt and thin serifs, round terminals, small aperture, fully subjugated italic.
(18th & 19th Century)
Hypermodulated stroke, intensified rationalist axis, abrupt and thin serifs, round terminals, small aperture, fully subjugated italic.
Realist
(19th & early 20th Century)
Unmodulated stroke, implied vertical axis, small aperture, serifs absent or abrupt and of equal weight with main strokes. Italic replaced by sloped roman.
(19th & early 20th Century)
Unmodulated stroke, implied vertical axis, small aperture, serifs absent or abrupt and of equal weight with main strokes. Italic replaced by sloped roman.
Geometric Modernist
(20th Century)
Unmodulated stroke, bowls often circular [no axis], serifs absent or of equal weight with main strokes. Italic absent or replaced by sloped roman.
(20th Century)
Unmodulated stroke, bowls often circular [no axis], serifs absent or of equal weight with main strokes. Italic absent or replaced by sloped roman.
Lyrical Modernist
(20th Century)
Rediscovery of Renaissance form: modulated stroke, humanist axis, pen-formed serifs and terminals, large aperture. Italic partially liberated from roman.
(20th Century)
Rediscovery of Renaissance form: modulated stroke, humanist axis, pen-formed serifs and terminals, large aperture. Italic partially liberated from roman.
Postmodernist
(Late 20th & early 21st Century)
Frequent parody of Neoclassical, Romantic or Baroque form.
Rationalist or variable axis, sharply modeled serifs and terminals and moderate aperture.
(Late 20th & early 21st Century)
Frequent parody of Neoclassical, Romantic or Baroque form.
Rationalist or variable axis, sharply modeled serifs and terminals and moderate aperture.